---
aliases:
  - dilectio
  - nb
  - living
  - philia
  - eros
date: '2025-10-04'
description: choosing to give your full, continuously.
id: love
modified: 2026-05-27 02:49:35 GMT-04:00
socials:
  essay: '[[posts/love|mutual becoming]]'
  hermeneutics: '[[posts/romantic epistemology|romantic epistemology]]'
tags:
  - evergreen
  - love
  - philosophy
  - technical
  - fruit
title: dilectio
transclude:
  headings: false
created: '2025-10-04'
published: '2025-10-04'
pageLayout: default
slug: thoughts/love
permalink: https://aarnphm.xyz/thoughts/love.md
generator:
  quartz: v4.6.0
  hostedProvider: Cloudflare
  baseUrl: aarnphm.xyz
full: https://aarnphm.xyz/llms-full.txt
---
Love is [[#not a feeling|not a feeling]] that happens to you but a drive that is the _essence of life_.

It’s a discipline, a practice, a continuous choice to attend to someone despite there are no {{sidenotes<inline: true>[guarantees.]: You choose to stay in the hermeneutic circle, to keep interpreting generously, to refuse instrumental understanding. \[@kierkegaard1847worksoflove; @fromm1956art; @hooks2000love\]}} for reciprocation. In a way, love is a [[thoughts/hedonism|hedonistic]] pursuit.

> \[!abstract\] decomposable functions
>
> love = choice + [[thoughts/Attention|attention]] + practice.

Contrary to popular beliefs, love is _not_ conditioned response. You decide to make someone <span class="marker marker-h2">central</span> to your being, and adapt your [[#boxes|boxes]] around them.

Helen Fisher claimed that there must be a correlations between these three brain systems: sex drives, feelings for intensive love, and emotional attachment _must_ have something to do with how we love.

## Sternberg’s triangular theory of love

he argues that there are three components to love:

- intimacy
- passion
- commitment

## boxes

I propose a box model where one can decompose our feelings into interpretable components, in so far that when one of these components seem lacking,

### hermeneutics nature

### passion

### cohabitation

### future projections

## heuristics

inspired by _[Keating’s LW post](https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/gmysPZ3t5Rz9nzcCr/my-dating-heuristic)_ and [[dating|my-doc]]

> When i a dating context, I ask myself: what would an emotionally healthy person do? Then I do that.

- Leveling up emotional intelligence
- Don’t cosplay as a mature adult
  - We are all kids once, and adult is just a mask to protect such inner-child

## not a feeling

If love were a feeling, then:

- it would be subject to _extinction_.
- it requires certain {{sidenotes[reinforcement]: This is prevalent within psychology, where}}.
- Add punishment, love turns to avoidance.

> This is [[thoughts/Behavirourism|behaviorism's]] prediction, where love is just _positive reinforcement_ {{sidenotes[schedule.]: abusive relationships don’t end quickly (high punishment). Secure relationships aren’t just well-tuned reinforcement. People stay through illness, depression, long separation—all conditions that break behavioral contingencies.}}

[[thoughts/Existentialism|existentialist]] argues that “love is choice, not a response within communications”. \[@kierkegaard1847worksoflove; @fromm1956art; @hooks2000love\]
You commit not because they reinforce you but because you _decide_ to make them central. This decision persists despite absence of guarantees, despite changes, failures, disappointments.

Kierkegaard: love is duty you give yourself. “You shall love” makes love free—it’s independent of the object’s behavior. \[@kierkegaard1847worksoflove\] They can change; you chose this, you remain, as a duty that you choose, instead of imposed upon you (external reinforcement)

Fromm: love is art requiring discipline and practice. \[@fromm1956art\] The activity is voluntary: you choose to attend, to understand, to care—regardless of immediate reinforcement.

bell hooks: love is action. \[@hooks2000love\] When you understand love as action, you assume accountability. You can’t say “I couldn’t help it” (behaviorist excuse: environment controlled me). You chose. You’re responsible.

[[thoughts/Camus]]: The misery and greatness of this world: it offers no truths, but only objects for love. Absurdity is king, but love saves us from it.

## what it requires

three things: [[#attention|attention]], [[#choice|choice]], and [[#thoughts/Epistemology epistemic humility|epistemic humility]]

### attention

> ”[[thoughts/Attention]] is the rarest and purest form of generosity.” \[@weil1952gravity\]

Not attention _to_ something you already understand, but attention that _constitutes_ understanding. You empty yourself, bracket instrumental concerns, become available to what they present.

Attention is not {{sidenotes[^will]}} \[@murdoch1970sovereignty\] says that “moral life happens mostly in ongoing attention, not discrete choices”. How you _think_ about someone, how you imagine them, what you notice and ignore—this is where love operates. Seeing someone clearly requires discipline, spiritual {{sidenotes[exercise.]: one can behaviorally comply (eye contact, nod, repeat back) while completely absent. attention resists third-person measurement. The gap between behavioral proxy and actual attention is everything.}} You practice interpreting charitably, checking projections, staying open to revision.

{{sidenotes[will]}}:
Will tries to force understanding; attention waits for your understanding.

[[thoughts/Will|Will]] imposes your framework; attention _lets_ the framework shift. They might reorganize your whole way of seeing—if you let them

### choice

@sartre1943being: you’re “condemned to be free”—even when you claim “I had no choice,” you chose to {{sidenotes[see it that way.]: Choosing to love is choosing despite absence of guarantees. No reinforcement schedule can make you do that. You do it because you decided it matters}} This isn’t libertarian free will (uncaused choice from nowhere), rather _situated_ freedom: you’re shaped by history, but you still decide how to respond.

The same reinforcement history produces different people because people aren’t passive recipients—they interpret, resist, reframe. Love requires this active stance: you take responsibility for your interpretation, your commitment, your continued choice to stay.

### [[thoughts/Epistemology|epistemic]] humility

This connects to self-{{sidenotes[knowledge:]: you might be wrong about them. Your current interpretation is provisional. Stay in the circle}} you need to know your own framework, your projections, your instrumental concerns—so you can bracket them. Authenticity requires recognizing when you’re in bad faith, when you’re using them instead of understanding them.

Not claiming privileged access (“I know you better than you know yourself”). Not projecting your needs and calling it understanding. Not understanding _about_ them (facts, categories) instead of understanding _them_ (their horizon).

> People change. Your fusion of horizons must be redone, continuously. This is why love is practice, not possession.

### [[thoughts/hermeneutics|hermeneutics]]

When you love someone, you choose to interpret {{sidenotes[them.]: “Giving someone your full” = giving them your interpretive attention. You make their horizon matter. You let their way of making sense affect how you make sense. You stay with difficulty instead of retreating to easy categories}} Not once—continuously, rather you commit to staying in the [[thoughts/hermeneutics|hermeneutic circle]] even when understanding breaks down, even when they become strange to you.

> understanding happens through _fusion of horizons_ (_Horizontverschmelzung_). \[@gadamer1960truth\]

You bring your world, they bring theirs. Understanding emerges where they meet—not by one absorbing the other, but by creating shared space. This takes {{sidenotes[time.]: Learning to see as they see, to care about what they care about, to inhabit their concerns without losing your own. \[@fromm1956art\]}} You can’t speed-read a {{sidenotes[person.]: This is not naive interpretation (assuming you already understand). It’s not instrumental interpretation (extracting what you need). It’s generous interpretation of giving benefit of doubt, seeking their internal logic, refusing to reduce them to a type}}

When someone says “you don’t understand me,” they’re right—understanding must be achieved, maintained, renewed. It’s never automatic. \[@hooks2000love\]

This takes time. You can’t speed-read a person. Deep [reading](https://www.henrikkarlsson.xyz/p/how-i-read) is the model: return to difficult passages, sit with what resists you, let your categories be disrupted.

## what it’s not

Not: conditioned response to positive reinforcement. (If it were, extinction would end it.)

Not: stable state you achieve once. (Understanding requires continuous renewal.)

Not: projection of your needs. (That’s using them, not loving them.)

Not: reduction to model or function. (Compression discards what makes them a person.)

Not: unconditional acceptance without judgment. (Love requires seeing clearly, which means seeing limitations, failures, contradictions—and choosing to stay anyway.)

Not: assuming you understand automatically. (Understanding is work, achievement, discipline.)

## [[thoughts/ethics|ethics]] of love

three axes: [[#care ethics|care]], [[#virtue ethics|virtue]], and [[#existentialist ethics|existentialism]]

### care ethics

Carol Gilligan, Nel Noddings: ethics of care emphasizes particularity over universality, relational self over autonomous individual, context-sensitive responsiveness over abstract principles. \[@gilligan1982different; @noddings1984caring\]

You don’t love “humanity” or “the good”; you love _this_ person. Their particularity matters. Their context, their history, their specific way of making sense—not interchangeable with anyone else.

Relational self: you’re not autonomous atom making rational choices in isolation. You’re always already in relation. Love doesn’t happen _to_ a self; it partly _constitutes_ the self. You become who you are through relationships, through being attended to and attending to others.

Care as work: emotional labor, interpretive labor, maintenance labor. Not automatic, not effortless. Requires attention, practice, renewal. Feminist ethics recognizes this labor (often invisible, often gendered) as essential to human flourishing. \[@ruddick1989maternal; @kittay1999love\]

Context-sensitive: you respond to their needs as _they_ articulate them, not as abstract principle dictates. Phronesis (practical wisdom): knowing what matters here, now, to this person. \[@gadamer1960truth\]

### virtue ethics

Aristotle: _philia_ (friendship/love) is central to good life. \[@aristotle\_nicomachean\_ethics\] Not instrumental (using friends for benefit) but intrinsic (friends are good in themselves). Reciprocal development: you flourish together.

Love as practice developing character. Patience, generosity, attention—these aren’t pre-existing traits you apply to relationships. You _learn_ them through loving, through failing, through staying when it’s hard. Virtue is acquired through practice.

Gadamer: understanding is form of phronesis—practical wisdom about what matters, how to proceed, what the situation calls for. \[@gadamer1960truth\] Not applying universal rule, but interpreting particular context. Love requires this: knowing when to push, when to wait, when to speak, when to listen.

Eudaimonia (flourishing): not individual achievement but shared life. You flourish _with_ them, not despite them or independent of them.

### existentialist ethics

Martin Buber: I-Thou vs I-It. \[@buber1923i\] When you treat someone as I-It, they’re object of experience, means to your ends, functional role in your life. When you treat them as I-Thou, they’re subject, irreducible presence, end in themselves.

Love requires I-Thou stance. You can’t love someone you’ve made into I-It (instrument, function, type). The shift is not cognitive—it’s existential. You choose to relate as subject-to-subject, not subject-to-object.

Emmanuel Levinas: face of the Other makes infinite demand. \[@levinas1961totality\] You’re responsible for them not because you chose it (that would be contractual), but because their vulnerability, their alterity, their face confronts you. Ethics precedes ontology: responsibility comes before being.

Love intensifies this: you’re accountable not just to abstract Other but to _this_ Other, whose particularity matters, whose horizon you’ve chosen to care about.

Sartre, de Beauvoir: authenticity vs bad faith. \[@sartre1943being\] Bad faith in love: pretending you had no choice, hiding behind roles (“I’m just like this”), refusing responsibility for your interpretation. Authenticity: owning your choices, recognizing your freedom, taking responsibility for how you see them.

### recognition

Paul Ricoeur: narrative identity. \[@ricoeur1992oneself\] You understand someone by understanding their story—not just facts, but _how_ they make sense of facts, what trajectory they see, what possibilities matter. Recognition is acknowledging their narrative authority: they get to tell their story.

Charles Taylor: frameworks of meaning. \[@taylor1989sources\] What someone cares about, what distinctions they draw, what they find significant—this is their framework. To love them is to take their framework seriously, to let it matter to you, even when it differs from yours.

Axel Honneth: recognition as constitutive of self-realization. \[@honneth1995struggle\] You need to be recognized—attended to, interpreted charitably, taken seriously—to flourish. Love provides this: sustained recognition that allows them to develop, to become, to change.

But recognition requires interpretive work. You can fail: misrecognize, impose your framework, refuse to see them as they are. Hermeneutic injustice: when your interpretive resources can’t grasp their experience, or when you refuse to update your interpretation despite evidence.

Love fights this: you commit to recognizing them accurately, to expanding your framework when it fails, to staying in the hermeneutic circle until understanding emerges.

## criteria

Don’t ask “what is love?” Ask: what does loving someone look like in practice?

Criteria are behavioral—but not reducible to reflex. You can tell someone loves another by:

- How they talk about them: what they notice, what they remember, what they find significant
- What they attend to: do they track the other’s concerns? notice changes? stay curious?
- How they respond under stress: do they retreat to easy categories or stay with difficulty?
- Whether they stay when it’s hard: through illness, conflict, uncertainty, change
- Whether their interpretation stays generous: benefit of doubt, seeking internal logic, checking projections
- How they handle being wrong: do they update? acknowledge? stay open?
- Whether they treat them as means or ends: instrumental (I-It) or relational (I-Thou)?

These are observable. But they’re not stimulus-response. They’re patterns of engagement that make sense only within a practice, a form of life. Love is language-game. You learn it by participating, not by collecting behavioral data.

[[thoughts/Wittgenstein|Wittgensteinian]] lesson: criteria show what’s going on without _being_ what’s going on. You use behavior to recognize love, but love isn’t identical to behavior.

## towards [[thoughts/functionalism|functionalism]]

Can functional role capture love? Maybe: love is ability to predict, to intervene appropriately, to maintain relationship under perturbations. Engineering criteria, not essence.

But love resists reduction. If you treat someone as functional system to model, you’ve already stopped loving them. You’ve made them instrument of your prediction. The hermeneutic circle breaks.

[[thoughts/functionalism|Functionalism]] works for [[thoughts/LLMs]], control systems, role-playing. It might work for surface-level social navigation. But loving someone? You need first-person engagement, not third-person modeling. You need to care about their horizon because it’s _theirs_, not because it serves your goals.

This is limit of [[thoughts/Compression|compression]]: you can’t compress person to model without losing what makes them person. Love requires attending to what resists compression—their irreducibility, their first-person givenness, their capacity to surprise you.

[[thoughts/Behavirourism]] tries to compress persons to stimulus-response mappings. Lossy compression discards: first-person experience, attention, intention, the _reasons_ they act. You model the function (input → output) but miss the process (how they make sense, what it means to them, what they’re trying to do).

This works when you don’t care about person—only their behavior. Advertising, management, modification. It breaks when you need to understand them. Understanding requires entering their horizon (see [[thoughts/hermeneutics]]), not compressing them to model.

> \[!tip\] Important
>
> You can’t love someone you’ve reduced to function. Love requires attending to what resists [[thoughts/Compression|compression]].

## thingspace

see also: <https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/WBw8dDkAWohFjWQSk/the-cluster-structure-of-thingspace>

> This is the benefit of viewing robins as points in space: You couldn’t see the linear lineup as easily if you were just imagining the robins[^robin] as cute little wing-flapping creatures.

[^robin]: A robin’s DNA is a highly multidimensional variable, but you can still think of it as part of a robin’s location in thingspace—millions of quaternary coordinates, one coordinate for each DNA base—or maybe a more sophisticated view that . The shape of the robin, and its color (surface reflectance), you can likewise think of as part of the robin’s position in thingspace, even though they aren’t single dimensions.

> We can even imagine a configuration space with one or more dimensions for every distinct characteristic of an object, so that the position of an object’s point in this space corresponds to all the information in the real object itself. Rather redundantly represented, too—dimensions would include the mass, the volume, and the density. [^radial]

[^radial]: “Radial categories” are how cognitive psychologists describe the non-Aristotelian boundaries of words. The central “mother” conceives her child, gives birth to it, and supports it. Is an egg donor who never sees her child a mother? She is the “genetic mother”. What about a woman who is implanted with a foreign embryo and bears it to term? She is a “surrogate mother”. And the woman who raises a child that isn’t hers genetically? Why, she’s an “adoptive mother”.

> The Aristotelian syllogism would run, “Humans have ten fingers, Fred has nine fingers, therefore Fred is not a human” but the way we actually think is “Humans have ten fingers, Fred is a human, therefore Fred is a ‘nine-fingered human’.”

We can think about the radial-ness of categories [^categories] in intensional terms, as described above—properties that are usually present, but optionally absent. If we thought about the intension of the word “mother”, it might be like a distributed glow in thingspace, a glow whose intensity matches the degree to which that volume of thingspace matches the category “mother”. The glow is concentrated in the center of genetics and birth and child-raising; the volume of egg donors would also glow, but less brightly.

[^categories]: Or we can think about the radial-ness of categories extensionally. Suppose we mapped all the birds in the world into thingspace, using a distance metric that corresponds as well as possible to perceived similarity in humans: A robin is more similar to another robin, than either is similar to a pigeon, but robins and pigeons are all more similar to each other than either is to a penguin, etcetera.

> This gives us yet another view of why words are not Aristotelian classes: the empirical clustered structure of the real universe is not so crystalline.

A natural cluster, a group of things highly similar to each other, may have no set of necessary and sufficient properties—no set of characteristics that all group members have, and no non-members have.

> When you draw a boundary around a group of extensional points empirically clustered in thingspace, you may find at least one exception to every simple intensional rule you can invent.

## universal love.

_from [Universal love, said the cactus person](https://slatestarcodex.com/2015/04/21/universal-love-said-the-cactus-person/)_

---

## lists

_so I made this list for [Malaika](https://malaikaaiyar.me/)_

| title                                  |                                                                           link |
| :------------------------------------- | -----------------------------------------------------------------------------: |
| Tender Masculinity                     |               <https://buttondown.com/greengaybles/archive/tender-masculinity> |
| Universal love, said the cactus person | <https://slatestarcodex.com/2015/04/21/universal-love-said-the-cactus-person/> |

- <https://internetprincess.substack.com/p/against-narrative>
- <https://velvetnoise.substack.com/p/some-parts-of-you-only-emerge-for>
- <https://www.edwardluperart.com/post/love-and-fear-on-the-musashi-plain-kajita-hanko-s-masterpiece-from-the-tales-of-ise> (M sent me this actually)
- <https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4191624/pdf/emss-59635.pdf> — Neuroreductionism about Sex and Love
- <https://aeon.co/essays/simone-de-beauvoirs-authentic-love-is-a-project-of-equals> — Authentic Love
- <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Guvmpf6fU7s> — Phenomenology on love and auto-affection, Dr. Ellie Anderson
- <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8mQPuEnOsYM> — Simone de Beauvoir on love and open relationship
- <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Cj4H4FBwho> — Reflection on love

## hw

see also: [[thoughts/pdfs/The neurobiology of love.pdf]], [[thoughts/pdfs/The power of love on the human brain.pdf]], and [[thoughts/pdfs/Love-realted changes in the brain.pdf]]

regional homogeneity (ReHo) and functional connectivity (FC) across an “in-love” group (LG, N=34, currently intensely in love) and an “ended-love” group (ELG, N=32, ended romantic relationship) and a “single” group (SG, N=32, never fallen in love), shows that:

- ReHo of left dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) was significantly increased in LG (compared to ELG and SG)
- ReHo of left dACC was positively correlated with length of time in love in LG, and negatively correlated with the lovelorn duration since breakup in ELG
- FC within the reward, motivation, and emoation relgulation network (dACC, insula, caudate, amygdala) as well as FC in social cognition network (temporo-parietal junctions, posteriori cingulate cortex, etc.) was significantly increaed in the LG
- FC was positively correlated with duration of love in the LG but negatively correlated with the lovelorn duration of time since breakup in the ELG.

I found from all of these study that majority of participants are largely female, which dictates whether the data are either skewed or simply biased towards the females’ psychology comparing to men.

The regions activated by romantic love—the medial insula, anterior cingulate, hippocampus, striatum, and nucleus accumbens—are rich in specific neuromodulators that drive the attachment process. Zeki identifies four key chemical players that drive this activation: dopamine, oxytocin, vasopressin, and nerve growth factor.

Zeki frames this as a “push-pull mechanism” where love simultaneously activates reward circuitry while suppressing critical social assessment networks.
the deactivation of mentalizing regions (TPJ, mPFC) is particularly interesting—theory of mind requires distinguishing self from other, but “unity-in-love” phenomenologically involves merging that boundary.

the prairie vs montane vole comparison is _crucial_ for understanding mechanism:

- prairie voles: monogamous, high oxytocin/vasopressin receptor density in reward centers.
- montane voles: promiscuous, sparse receptors.
- blocking OT/VP release makes prairie voles promiscuous; supplementing doesn’t make montane voles monogamous bc no receptor substrate.

> This suggests love’s neurochemistry requires both the ligand AND the receptor architecture.

Bianchi-Demicheli et al. propose that because romantic love activates subcortical reward and motivation systems (as detailed by Zeki and Song), it acts as a goal-directed drive that can facilitate cognitive behavior. The theory posits that the state of being in love creates a “top-down” cognitive facilitation. The intense motivational state primes the brain to process information relevant to the goal (the partner) more efficiently. This processing advantage is not limited to conscious tasks but extends to unconscious, subliminal processing, suggesting that the motivation to love fundamentally alters information processing speeds.

A unique and poignant contribution of Song et al. is the inclusion of the “Ended-Love” Group (ELG)—individuals who had recently experienced a breakup. This group provides a critical window into the neurobiology of grief, withdrawal, and recovery, offering a physiological basis for the intense suffering associated with heartbreak.

- The study found distinct neural signatures that differentiated the ELG from both the in-love and single groups. Most notably, **ReHo in the bilateral caudate nucleus was significantly reduced** in the ELG compared to both the in-love and single groups.
- The caudate nucleus is central to reward expectation, goal-directed behavior, and the dopaminergic reward pathway. Its hypo-activity in the ELG likely reflects a “reward withdrawal” state analogous to drug withdrawal.
- In a relationship, the partner serves as a potent reward stimulus, driving dopaminergic activity in the caudate.
- When the relationship ends, this source of dopamine is abruptly removed, leading to a downregulation of activity in this region.
- This neurophysiological “crash” manifests psychologically as the <mark>anhedonia, lethargy, and lack of motivation</mark> often seen in heartbreak.

While Song et al. does not explicitly detail a clinical “recovery protocol,” the data points to specific mechanisms of natural recovery. The caudate nucleus has been implicated in anxiety relief systems; deep brain stimulation of the caudate has been shown to improve symptoms of anxiety and major depression. The study suggests that the elevated FC observed in certain pathways of the ELG (specifically between the dACC and regions like the insula and amygdala, compared to the Single group) might represent an adaptive, compensatory mechanism.

> The brain is attempting to regulate the distress of social loss.

These study underscore the evolutionary imperative of love: <mark>love is not a luxury but survival mechanism</mark>. Bianchi-Demicheli’s findings somewhat confirmed a broader principle where **motivational states are big cognitive enhancers**. If love can speed up lexical decision making via top-down processing,then other intense motivational states—passion for work, art, survival—likely recruit similar neural architectures to boost performance.

---

## questionaire

see also: <https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/09/style/no-37-big-wedding-or-small.html>, and the [research journal](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0146167297234003)

### closeness-generating procedure

<div class="slip" data-title="set i">

1. Given the choice of anyone in the world, whom would
   you want as a dinner guest?
2. Would you like to be famous? In what way?
3. Before making a telephone call, do you ever rehearse
   what you are going to say? Why?
4. What would constitute a “perfect” day for you?
5. When did you last sing to yourself? To someone else?
6. If you were able to live to the age of 90 and retain either
   the mind or body of a 30-year-old for the last 60 years
   of your life, which would you want?
7. Do you have a secret hunch about how you will die?
8. Name three things you and your partner appear to have
   in common.
9. For what in your life do you feel most grateful?
10. If you could change anything about the way you were
    raised, what would it be?
11. Take 4 minutes and tell your partner your life story in
    as much detail as possible.
12. If you could wake up tomorrow having gained any one
    quality or ability, what would it be?

</div>

<div class="slip" data-title="set ii">

13. If a crystal ball could tell you the truth about yourself,
    your life, the future, or anything else, what would you
    want to know?
14. Is there something that you’ve dreamed of doing for a
    long time? Why haven’t you done it?
15. What is the greatest accomplishment of your life?
16. What do you value most in a friendship?
17. What is your most treasured memory?
18. What is your most terrible memory?
19. If you knew that in one year you would die suddenly,
    would you change anything about the way you are now
    living? Why?
20. What does friendship mean to you?
21. What roles do love and affection play in your life?
22. Alternate sharing something you consider a positive
    characteristic of your partner. Share a total of 5 items.
23. How close and warm is your family? Do you feel your
    childhood was happier than most other people’s?
24. How do you feel about your relationship with your
    mother?

</div>

<div class="slip" data-title="set iii">

25. Make 3 true “we” statements each. For instance “We are
    both in this room feeling…”
26. Complete this sentence: “I wish I had someone with
    whom I could share…”
27. If you were going to become a close friend with your
    partner, please share what would be important for him
    or her to know.
28. Tell your partner what you like about them; be very
    honest this time saying things that you might not say to
    someone you’ve just met.
29. Share with your partner an embarrassing moment in
    your life.
30. When did you last cry in front of another person? By
    yourself?
31. Tell your partner something that you like about them
    already.
32. What, if anything, is too serious to be joked about?
33. If you were to die this evening with no opportunity to
    communicate with anyone, what would you most regret
    not having told someone? Why haven’t you told them
    yet?
34. Your house, containing everything you own, catches
    fire. After saving your loved ones and pets, you have
    time to safely make a final dash to save any one item.
    What would it be? Why?
35. Of all the people in your family, whose death would you
    find most disturbing? Why?
36. Share a personal problem and ask your partner’s advice on how he or she might handle it. Also, ask your partner to reflect back to you how you seem to be feeling about the problem you have chosen.

</div>

### small-talk condition in study 1

<div class="slip" data-title="set i">

1. When was the last time you walked for more than an
   hour? Describe where you went and what you saw.
2. What was the best gift you ever received and why?
3. If you had to move from California where would you go,
   and what would you miss the most about California?
4. How did you celebrate last Halloween?
5. Do you read a newspaper often and which do you
   prefer? Why?
6. What is a good number of people to have in a student
   household and why?
7. If you could inventa new flavor ofice cream, what would
   it be?
8. What is the best restaurant you’ve been to in the last
   month that your partner hasn’t been to? Tell your
   partner about it.
9. Describe the last pet you owned.
10. What is your favorite holiday? Why?
11. Tell your partner the funniest thing that ever happened
    to you when you were with a small child.
12. What gifts did you receive on your last birthday?

</div>

<div class="slip" data-title="set ii">

13. Describe the last time you went to the zoо.
14. Tell the names and ages of your family members, include grandparents, aunts and uncles, and where they
    were born (to the extent you know this information).
15. One of you say a word, the next say a word that starts
    with the last letter of the word just said. Do this until
    you have said 50 words. Any words will do-you aren’t
    making a sentence.
16. Do you like to get up early or stay up late? Is there
    anything funny that has resulted from this?
17. Where are you from? Name all of the places you’ve lived.
18. What is your favorite class at UCSC so far? Why?
19. What did you do this summer?
20. What gifts did you receive last Christmas/Hanukkah?
21. Who is your favorite actor of your own gender? Describe
    a favorite scene in which this person has acted.
22. What was your impression of UCSC the first time you
    ever came here?
23. What is the best TV show you’ve seen in the last month
    that your partner hasn’t seen? Tell your partner about
    it.
24. What is your favorite holiday? Why?

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25. Where did you go to high school? What was your high
    school like?
26. What is the best book you’ve read in the last three
    months that your partner hasn’t read? Tell your partner
    about it.
27. What foreign country would you most like to visit? What
    attracts you to this place?
28. Do you prefer digital watches and clocks or the kind
    with hands? Why?
29. Describe your mother’s best friend.
30. What are the advantages and disadvantages of artificial
    Christmas trees?
31. How often do you get your hair cut? Where do you go?
    Have you ever had a really bad haircut experience?
32. Did you have a class pet when you were in elementary
    school? Do you remember the pet’s name?
33. Do you think left-handed people are more creative than
    right-handed people?
34. What is the last concert you saw? How many of that
    band’s albums do you own? Had you seen them before?
    Where?
35. Do you subscribe to any magazines? Which ones? What
    have you subscribed to in the past?
36. Were you ever in a school play? What was your role?
    What was the plot of the play? Did anything funny ever
    happen when you were on stage?

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